Lung Cancer Essays (771 words) - Lung Cancer,

Lung Cancer "Lung cancer is an uncontrolled, extremely deadly division of cells in the lung" (World Book, "Lung Cancer"). The two major types of lung cancer include small and non-small cell. Many different risk factors contribute to lung cancer. There are numerous symptoms that are difficult to detect in the early stages of lung cancer. Doctors use special machines to detect the severity of each stage. Treatments and cures differ in each individual case. Lung cancer is a huge problem because it is the leading cause of cancer death in both men and women (Microsoft, "Lung Cancer"). Both small cell and non-small cell lung cancer affect different types of cells in the lung and spread in different ways. Small cell lung cancer is limited to a section of the chest known as the hemithorax and regional lymph nodes (World Book, "Lung Cancer"). Small cell lung cancer usually exists early and spreads out abruptly (Virtual Hospital, 3/23/99). Non-small cell lung cancer is first confined to the lung, then spreads throughout the chest (MSKCC, "Lung Cancer"). Small cell lung cancer spreads quickly (World Book, "Lung Cancer"). In the United States 85 to 90 percent of all lung cancer cases are related to smoking. Cigarette smoking is the main cause of lung cancer (Scientific American, "Lung Cancer"). Second-hand smoke, inhaled by non-smokers, increases a person's chance of acquiring lung cancer (Beau Halton). Men who smoke increase their chance of dying from lung cancer about 23 times and women increase their chances 13 times ("Lung Cancer Awareness Campaign," 3/23/99). However, lung cancer may also be caused by long term exposure to radon, a naturally present radioactive gas (SIRS, "What is Cancer?"). The residue of burned petroleum and coal can contribute to lung cancer (Scientific American, "Lung Cancer"). The development of lung cancer seems to be also affected by genes. The gene histidine triad blocks the formation of tumors, so a defective gene could make one more likely to form a tumor (Microsoft, "Lung Cancer"). In the early stages of lung cancer, symptoms are hard to recognize. Symptoms usually include a persistent cough, coughing up blood, weight loss, chest or shoulder pain, swelling in the face or neck, shortness of breath, and a hoarse voice (Microsoft, "Lung Cancer"). Repeated cases of pneumonia, a virus in which the lungs become inflamed, or bronchitis, inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bronchia tubes, may be warning signs for lung cancer (Scientific American, "Lung Cancer"). Bone pain, headaches, and dizziness are observations that the lung cancer has spread (Microsoft, "Lung Cancer"). New technology is used on patients when a physician suspects lung cancer. Chest x-rays are used to examine the lungs for tumors (World Book, "Lung Cancer"). A CAT scan, series of x-ray images put together by a computer, is also performed (Scientific American, "Lung Cancer"). During a biopsy, a physician removes a small amount of tissue and examines it. A microscope is used to analyze cells in order to determine whether a tumor is malignant, tending to grow and spread throughout the body (MSKCC, "Lung Cancer"). Treatment depends on the type of lung cancer, the size of the tumor, the location of the tumor, the stage of illness, the age of the patient, and the overall health of the patient (Microsoft, "Lung Cancer). Surgery is performed to remove the tumor if there is no chance that the cancer has spread (Scientific American, "Lung Cancer"). If the disease has spread, then treatment will often include radiation therapy and chemotherapy (MSKCC, "Lung Cancer"). Radiation therapy is based on the use of ionizing radiation to destroy cancerous cells (Microsoft, "Radiology"). Chemotherapy is treatment of a disease using drugs that directly poison the disease organism (Microsoft, "Chemotherapy"). Early stage non-small cell lung cancers are best treated surgically and later stage non-small cell lung cancers are best treated with either chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of the two (Virtual Hospital, 3/23/99). For small cell lung cancers, chemotherapy by itself or with radiation therapy is used instead of surgery (Scientific American "Lung Cancer"). Approximately 152,700 people die each year on account of the colossal lung cancer problem (Microsoft, "Lung Cancer"). Small and non-small cell lung cancers are the two main types of lung cancer. White males prove to be the most affected from lung cancer. High-fat diets and smokers with family histories of heavy smoking are significant factors contributing to lung cancer (Beau Halton). More than two million American smokers have died from smoking-related lung cancer since 1964, when the Surgeon General released the first report on smoking and health ("Lung Cancer Awareness Campaign," 3/23/99). Smoking is

The Role of the Inspector in An Inspector Calls. essays

The Role of the Inspector in 'An Inspector Calls.' essays Discuss the role of the Inspector in the play. How does Priestley use him? Comment on the way the Inspector varies his treatment of the characters. An Inspector Calls is a play with many social and political messages. J. B. Priestley believed a great deal in socialism and he used several of his plays to try and influence people to be Socialist as well. It was written in a time when Britain was ruled by a Labour government and socialist policies were seen as the way forward. It was a popular way of thinking at that time so Priestley's aim for the play was probably to teach the unconvinced. The Inspector in J. B. Priestley's 'An Inspector Calls' is one of the most thought-provoking and mysterious characters that modern day literature has yet produced. It is this mysterious element that contributes greatly to making him a very interesting character and one that may be perceived in many ways. The audience does not find a great deal out about the Inspector and nothing is explicitly told to us; we are given hints and clues from the way he acts and what he says and are forced to piece these together to form our own ideas about his identity and his intentions. In this way, Priestley has asked his audience to act as a judge and to reach personal conclusions about him. The role of the Inspector is one of many levels. In terms of how he is used in the basic structure of the play, he is there to move the play along in that he encourages the characters to tell their stories. If there was not the revelation that he was not a real Police Inspector, he would only be considered as a narrator and not play a big part in the play. Because it transpired that he was an impostor of sorts, further questions are asked by the audience and different insights have become likely and it is clear that the Inspector is in the play for many reasons. The play is set in the house of the Birling family. As soon as the curtains open, it is clear that the fami...

Tort. Causation and remoteness of damage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Tort. Causation and remoteness of damage - Essay Example The concept appears simple, but proving the chain of causation between the violation of a duty by the defendant and the resulting injury upon the claimant’s person or property can sometimes be extremely hard. Nonetheless, the fundamental test is to establish whether the harm would have taken happened without the defendant’s violation of the responsibility owed to the aggrieved party. This paper examines causation and remoteness as the primary tests for proving negligence claims. Negligence claims for tort have become increasingly common in modern societies because they safeguard the interests of parties and prevent personal injury upon other persons (Abraham, 2013). In such cases, if the negligent acts of an accused party are found to have attracted other material costs to the claimant, then the former party can be liable for the additional costs of harm as well. According to Stauch (2001), Asbestos negligence proceedings which have been instituted for many decades are based upon the concept of causation. The claims are normally interwoven with the ordinary concept of an individual or party causing injury to others through soared insurance bills, medical, or operational costs among other compensable claims. With hefty compensations for such injuries seemingly secondary losses, some defendants have been severely affected by the negative economic impacts.